Classification
Payment Tokens (Crypto)
Bitcoin/Ether used as payment — likely exempt as currency. Exchange services — fee-based, standard-rated. Mining rewards — outside scope (no customer). Staking rewards — financial service analysis needed.
Utility Tokens & NFTs
NFT sale = supply of digital service — standard-rated 10%. Marketplace commission — standard-rated. Royalty on secondary sale — standard-rated. Gaming tokens — standard-rated. In-app purchases — standard-rated.
Security Tokens
Tokenised equity — exempt as financial instrument. Tokenised bonds — exempt (interest element). Token issuance fees — standard-rated. Platform hosting — standard-rated. Advisory services — standard-rated.